[AH] On the 1914 Europe map of Diplomacy as an alternate history (#alternatehistory)

One of the things that I am doing now, in the early days of my quarantine, is playing an online game of Diplomacy with some old friends. Looking at the standard European map, an elaboration on the map of Europe and adjoining areas, makes me think of the way that this map might better represent different alternate history scenarios than our own history.

1914 map of Diplomacy

The distribution of supply centres, the starred regions capable of supporting military units, comes to mind. Each region is capable of supporting military units of very comparable power. This suggests to me a relatively even level of development across the map, that (say) Belgium and Bulgaria are at similar levels.

One thing that particularly jumps out at me as the relative power of southeastern Europe, including the Ottoman Empire. Anatolian Turkey apparently does have the economic power and military heft necessary to support Great Power status, to a level comparable to Italy or Austria-Hungary. Is Diplomacy set in a timeline where Ottoman modernization succeeded? (But then, how can the loss of the Balkans be explained?) On a smaller scale, Tunis being a supply centre might also suggest successful modernization there.

(Another thing that pops out as me is the space on the map for other Great Powers. A Scandinavia that encompasses three power centres could surely be a great power. A United Netherlands with only two supply centres would be more vulnerable, while it seems that the main problem with a Balkan conglomeration would be a backstory.)

An idea: WI there is an earlier separation of the European Balkans from the Ottomans, the shock of this separation triggering more successful modernization not just of the Ottoman Empire but of other Muslim states in the Mediterranean? Perhaps the Ottoman Balkans managed to split off as a unified state–a broader Orthodox conspiracy–and even managed to become a separate power themselves?

Another thing that pops out to me is the distribution of supply centres on the map in specific regions. A world where western France industrializes before eastern France, where Bavaria beats the Ruhr, where Trieste outstrips Bohemia (an Illyrian unit in the Hapsburg empire?), would be a very different world.

[BLOG] Five JSTOR Daily links (@jstor_daily)

• JSTOR Daily provides advice for users of Zotero and Scrivener, here.
• JSTOR Daily looks at instances where product placement in pop culture went badly, here.
• JSTOR Daily considers the import of a pioneering study of vulgar language in the context of popular culture studies, here.
• JSTOR Daily looks at the–frankly terrible–policies of managing rival heirs in the Ottoman dynasty, here.
• JSTOR Daily looks at generational divides on religion in the England of the early Protestant Reformation, here.

[BLOG] Some Tuesday links

• Bad Astronomer notes the circumstances of the discovery of a low-mass black hole, only 3.3 solar masses.
• Crooked Timber shares a photo of the Topkapi Palace in Istanbul.
• The Crux looks at Monte Verde, the site in Chile that has the evidence of the oldest human population known to have lived in South America.
• The Dragon’s Tales notes that Russia may provide India with help in the design of its Gaganyaan manned capsule.
• L.M. Sacasas at The Frailest Thing talks of his work, including his upcoming conference and his newsletter, The Convivial Society. (Subscribe at the website.)
• Gizmodo shares the Voyager 2 report from the edges of interstellar space.
• JSTOR Daily looks at the East India Company and its corporate lobbying.
• Language Hat shares an account from Ken Liu of the challenges in translating The Three Body Problem, linguistic and otherwise.
• Language Log looks at the problems faced by the word “liberation” in Hong Kong.
• Dan Nexon at Lawyers, Guns and Money looks at the implications of the surprising new relationship between Russia and the Philippines.
• Marginal Revolution seems to like Terminator: Dark Fate, as a revisiting of the series’ origins, with a Mesoamerican twist.
• Sean Marshall announces his attendance at a transit summit in Guelph on Saturday the 9th.
• Garry Wills writes at the NYR Daily about his experience as a man in the mid-20th century American higher education looking at the rise of women.
• Starts With A Bang’s Ethan Siegel looks at the strangely faint distant young galaxy MACS2129-1.
• Window on Eurasia considers the possibility of Latvia developing a national Eastern Orthodox church of its own.

[BLOG] Some Monday links

• Ingrid Robeyns at Crooked Timber takes us from her son’s accidental cut to the electronic music of Røbic.
• D-Brief explains what the exceptional unexpected brightness of the first galaxies reveals about the universe.
• Far Outliers looks at how President Grant tried to deal with the Ku Klux Klan.
• JSTOR Daily looks at the surprising influence of the Turkish harem on the fashion, at least, of Western women.
• This Kotaku essay arguing that no one should be sitting on the Iron Throne makes even better sense to me now.
• Language Hat looks at the particular forms of French spoken by the famously Francophile Russian elites of the 19th century.
• Scott Lemieux at Lawyers, Guns and Money notes how teaching people to code did not save the residents of an Appalachia community.
• Marginal Revolution notes how, in the early 19th century, the young United States trading extensively with the Caribbean, even with independent Haiti.
• At the NYR Daily, Colm Tóibín looks at the paintings of Pat Steir.
• Peter Rukavina writes about how he has been inspired by the deaths of the Underhays to become more active in local politics.
• Daniel Little at Understanding Society shares his research goals from 1976.
• Window on Eurasia notes the conflicts between the Russian Orthodox Church and some Russian nationalists over the latter’s praise of Stalin.
• Arnold Zwicky looks at dragons in history, queer and otherwise.

[BLOG] Some Tuesday links

• Bad Astronomer Phil Plait notes new evidence that the Pathfinder probe landed, on Mars, on the shores of an ancient sea.
• The Crux reports on tholins, the organic chemicals that are possible predecessors to life, now found in abundance throughout the outer Solar System.
• D-Brief reports on the hard work that has demonstrated some meteorites which recently fell in Turkey trace their origins to Vesta.
• Colby King at the Everyday Sociology Blog explores sociologist Eric Klinenberg’s concept of social infrastructure, the public spaces we use.
• Far Outliers reports on a Honolulu bus announcement in Yapese, a Micronesian language spoken by immigrants in Hawai’i.
• JSTOR Daily considers the import of the autobiography of Catherine the Great.
• Language Hat reports, with skepticism, on the idea of “f” and “v” as sounds being products of the post-Neolithic technological revolution.
• Marginal Revolution’s Tyler Cowen is critical of the idea of limiting the number of children one has in a time of climate change.
• Jim Belshaw at Personal Reflections reflects on death, close at hand and in New Zealand.
• Strange Company reports on the mysterious disappearance, somewhere in Anatolia, of American cyclist Frank Lenz in 1892, and its wider consequences.
• Starts With A Bang’s Ethan Siegel identifies five types of cosmic events capable of triggering mass extinctions on Earth.
• Towleroad reports on the frustration of many J.K. Rowling fans with the author’s continuing identification of queer histories for characters that are never made explicit in books or movies.
• Window on Eurasia has a skeptical report about a Russian government plan to recruit Russophones in neighbouring countries as immigrants.
• Arnold Zwicky explores themes of shipwrecks and of being shipwrecked.

[BLOG] Some Wednesday links

• The Crux makes the case that, for too long, modern homo sapiens have underestimated the genius of the Neanderthals.
• D-Brief looks at the efforts of some scientists to develop brewing standards for the Moon.
• Language Hat examines different languages’ writing standards–Turkish, Greek, Armenian–in the late Ottoman Empire.
• Language Log deconstructs claims that Japanese has no language for curses.
• Marginal Revolution’s Tyler Cowen looks at the standards of truth by which Trump’s supporters are judging him.
• The NYRB Daily looks at the hollow Styrofoam aesthetics of the Trump Administration.
• Savage Minds considers the idea of personhood.
• Yorkshire Ranter Alex Harrowell considers key mechanics of populism.
• Arnold Zwicky meditates, somewhat pornographically, on a porn star of the last decade and public sexuality.

[BLOG] Some Tuesday links

• Dangerous Minds looks at the oddly sexual imagery of zeppelins entering their births.
• The Dragon’s Gaze notes a paper looking at ways to detect Earth-like exomoons.
• Imageo notes unusual melting of the Greenland icecap.
• Language Log shares an extended argument against Chinese characters.
• The Map Room Blog notes the hundredth anniversary of the Sykes-Picot agreement to partition the Ottoman Empire.
• The NYRB Daily notes authoritarianism in Uganda.
• Noel Maurer looks at the problem with San Francisco’s real estate markets.
• Towleroad follows RuPaul’s argument that drag can never be mainstreamed, by its very nature.
• Window on Eurasia notes that a flourishing Ukraine will not be itself restore the Donbas republics to it.

[LINK] Luke Coffey at Al Jazeera on Russia and Turkey

Luke Coffey’s opinion piece at Al Jazeera places the current breakdown in Russia-Turkey relations in the context of generally intense competition between the two post-imperial (?) countries.

The West might view recent events between Russia and Turkey as a new phenomenon, but this fails to take into account the complex and fraught relationship between the countries.

The downing of the Russian jet is simply the latest drama in a saga that has been playing out since the middle of the 16th century.

In one form or another, Russia has driven Turkish foreign and defence policy for centuries. Since 1568, Turkey and Russia have been to war 12 times. At least nine of the occasions have been over Crimea – which Russia illegally annexed last year.

Imperial Russia and the Ottoman Empire have contested regions in the Black Sea, the South Caucasus and the Balkans for centuries.

In 1772, Russian troops raided and briefly occupied Ottoman territory in the Levant. Even during World War I, Russian troops got within 160 kilometres of Ottoman-controlled Baghdad. The ensuing friction led to much bloodshed.

After World War II, Joseph Stalin’s designs on Turkey’s Eastern Anatolia Region and Soviet Russia’s wish to control the Turkish Straits were what originally drove Turkey into NATO’s arms.

[LINK] “Memo to Putin: Syria Is Turkey’s Ukraine”

At Bloomberg View, Marc Champion makes the obvious observation that Syria is to Turkey what Ukraine is to Russia. Neither ex-imperial hegemon should be surprised at the strong support for the others’ proxies.

Russian leaders have evidently been shocked by Turkey’s deliberate decision to shoot down one of their planes, which they say was motivated by Turkey’s alleged support for Islamic State and greed for the proceeds of smuggled terrorist oil. A simpler explanation is that Russia would have done the same.

Here is the hypothetical: What would President Vladimir Putin do if civil war broke out in a neighboring country, which had been part of the Russian empire for centuries before breaking away under circumstances, and with borders, that Russians still found difficult to accept? What would he do if, in that war, some of the rebels were ethnic Russians at risk of being brutally crushed by the armed forces of the neighboring state?

Actually, that’s not so hypothetical; it pretty much describes eastern Ukraine. And we know what Russia did — it became heavily involved in a poorly concealed invasion.

Syria was under Ottoman control from 1516 until the collapse of the Ottoman Empire. The Russian Empire took over the Donbass region in the mid-1700s. The “Turkmen” rebels that Russia’s Su-24 aircraft was bombing at the time it was shot down are ethnic Turks. They ended up on the wrong side of the border when it was imposed by a 1921 treaty (shortly before the Donbass region was incorporated into Soviet Ukraine).

Even the strange psychology of how former empires feel they still have a special right, even responsibility, to intervene in long-since amputated parts is similar. When pro-democracy protests began in Syria in 2011, Erdogan said Turkey had to view the turmoil in Syria as a domestic issue. He was affronted when President Bashar al-Assad refused to do as he was told.

[LINK] “Amid refugee crisis, Hungary prime minister says Muslims not welcome”

Al Jazeera reports on the official stance of the Hungarian prime minister. I would note that Orban is apparently rejecting the basic thesis of pan-Turanism, a movement popular in Hungary that talked of that country’s historic ties with–among others–the mainly Muslim Turkic nations of Eurasia.

[Viktor] Orban spoke in Brussels at meetings between European Union leaders and Hungary’s prime minister after images of a drowned Syrian child on a Turkish beach grabbed world attention this week and said that it was not a moral argument for opening Europe’s doors.

“If we would create … an impression that ‘just come because we are ready to accept everybody,’ that would be a moral failure. The moral, human thing is to make clear: ‘Please don’t come,'” Orban told reporters.

In a later news conference, Orban said the history of Ottoman rule meant Hungarians would not accept large-scale Muslim immigration, a point made recently by neighboring Slovakia.

“We don’t want to, and I think we have a right to decide that we do not want a large number of Muslim people in our country,” Orban said. “We do not like the consequences of having a large number of Muslim communities that we see in other countries, and I do not see any reason for anyone else to force us to create ways of living together in Hungary that we do not want to see. That is a historical experience for us.”